Y'all know that show pwnz.
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Mama's family quotes
Y'all know that show pwnz.
Y'all know that show pwnz.
sacrificed
^^^ I can't spell, i have to type everything in to goggle to get the correct spelling
I'm in love with this smiley!
^^^ I can't spell, i have to type everything in to goggle to get the correct spelling
I'm in love with this smiley!
The Supreme Court holds both original and appellate jurisdiction, with its appellate jurisdiction accounting for most of the Court's caseload. The court's original jurisdiction is narrowly focused, as defined in Article III, Section 2 ("In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction"). The court's appellate jurisdiction encompasses "all cases" within the scope of Article III, but is subject to limitation by acts of Congress under the Exceptions Clause in Article III and by the discretion of the Court.
QUOTE(nanakey @ Mar 11 2007, 01:21 PM) 
did you know there were 2 anyone can play guitar videos too?!
No... I love the one that I have watched. The... funny one. And three edits of Street Spirit?
QUOTE(trickster_is_meaningless @ Mar 11 2007, 01:24 PM)
i feel dumb! i didnt know any of this!
Don't feel dumb.
I didn't know either.QUOTE(fabienne @ Mar 11 2007, 01:50 PM)
QUOTE(trickster_is_meaningless @ Mar 11 2007, 12:50 PM)
i havnt seen that in too long! POP IS DEAD!!! now thats a vid!
Awwwww... Thom's best Draco Malfoy impression... 
But that hair REALLY doesn't suit Thom.
He looks like a vampire. "We suck young blood..."
14 344
QUOTE(Sweetly Vicious @ Mar 16 2007, 07:41 PM)
^
hahahahhahaha!!He was standing there, as tall and handsome as I have always remembered him, his thin, delicate brownish hair undulating over his hidden forehead and gently ending in a mop of curls at the back of his neck, barely touching the collar of the same tattered, worn out 'Nirvana' t-shirt he always wore, his jeans as dirty as ever, torn at the knees and under his ratty sneakers.
And his eyes, I thought, those wonderful eyes, a mash up of a calm pale blue, and an electric azure, and deep, intense ocean blue; all the emotions you could think of were found in the palette of hues his monochromatic iris owned.
All of a sudden, those relaxed and, at the same time, powerful, hypnotic eyes which could always captivate and control me, turned towards the spot where I was standing. I restrained a shriek and hastily rushed behind a hefty shelf containing clusters of band's t-shirts piled up together, and spiked necklaces, and long Renaissance models of embroided black skirts and coats.
Slowly, he turned, probably disappointed of finding no one when he looked around. His expression kept relaxed and smiling; for as long as I've known him, his smile never faded away. But his controling eyes were limpless and lifeless, as if they had lost their everlasting lustre.
I hesitated for a while. How I longed to hear his voice calling my name once again! And I could feel, by the way he stood, by the way he dragged his feet, by the way his always-smiling eyes cried in silence, that he missed me too.
I pulled myself together and stepped forward, adamant and determined. I'd talk to him! We'd be friends again!
But as I reached out to see, another girl prettier, smarter-looking, happier than me, wrapped her arms around him, and he returned that act of affect with a kiss; and anyone could make out with no effort that they were a happy couple.
Tears poured out; a lump in my throat kept me from saying a word.
'You alright miss?' one of the other customers asked.
I nodded shortly, although I knew I had never felt worse in my whole life.
I walked away, but I was stranded, heavy, stuck to the floor. I felt his sad eyes rest upon me, but I didn't turn to see; this was the end of al bond between us.
And so I left, oblivious to the eyes of a boy who had once been everything I had cared for, who had meant everything to me, and was now a stranger, an outsider to my life.
sugarheart.doll@hotmail.com
71890782
Awww I didn't know that. You should use it, when it gets famous my name is in it haha.
ahora voi a escuchar esa cancionnn =D saliste hermosa en la fotoooo! ^^ buemmm, hoi no estoi mui inspiradaaa ,i ademàs tengo nàuseas ii mi papà està escuchando mùsica chota qe me lima la cabeza 
ajajajja
pero bueenoo ,para compensar te dejo esto qe encontrèè, i me pareciò mui lnidoo! asii qeee, para tiii amiguiis! =D te quiero!
- Un ami de toujours -
Quand l’esprit envahi d’une obscure tristesse,
Tu écoutes l’horloge accuser la lenteur
D’une nuit d’insomnie, où grandit ta rancœur
D’amant attentionné que ta belle délaisse ;
Quand ta plume privée d’inspiration paresse
Sur le bord d’un cahier triste d’une blancheur
Accordée à l’ennui qui dessèche ton cœur
De poète lassé des champêtres richesses ;
Quand l’abus d’un whisky à la chaude saveur
Paralyse ton corps sur un lit de douleur,
Au lieu de te plonger dans une exquise ivresse ;
Cherche du réconfort dans les bras protecteurs
D’un ami de toujours, afin que sa tendresse
Délite le carcan de chagrin, qui t’oppresse.
ajajajjapero bueenoo ,para compensar te dejo esto qe encontrèè, i me pareciò mui lnidoo! asii qeee, para tiii amiguiis! =D te quiero!
- Un ami de toujours -
Quand l’esprit envahi d’une obscure tristesse,
Tu écoutes l’horloge accuser la lenteur
D’une nuit d’insomnie, où grandit ta rancœur
D’amant attentionné que ta belle délaisse ;
Quand ta plume privée d’inspiration paresse
Sur le bord d’un cahier triste d’une blancheur
Accordée à l’ennui qui dessèche ton cœur
De poète lassé des champêtres richesses ;
Quand l’abus d’un whisky à la chaude saveur
Paralyse ton corps sur un lit de douleur,
Au lieu de te plonger dans une exquise ivresse ;
Cherche du réconfort dans les bras protecteurs
D’un ami de toujours, afin que sa tendresse
Délite le carcan de chagrin, qui t’oppresse.
HeY
THE VINES, THE STROKES, ADAM GREEN, THE BEATLES, GREEN DAY, SUPERGRASS, JUMBO, NIRVANA, RADIOHEAD, GORILLAZ, WITHE STRIPES, BLUR, BLINK 182, ROLLING STONES, MOLOTOV , CAFETA CUBA, PORTER, YEAH YEAH YEAHS, FRANZ FERDINAND, THE LIBERTINES, JIMMY EAT THE WORLD, INTERPOL, OASIS, QUEEN, ASTERISCO, IRON MAIDEN, THE DISTILLERS, AEROSMITH, METALLICA, MARIA DANIELA Y SU SONIDO LASER, INDEPENDIENTE, CHETES, VAQUERO, BLOODHOUND GANG, BRIGHT EYES, ZOE, QUEEN OF THE STONEAGE, MUSE, FOO FIGHTERS, SUM 41, THE OFFSPRING, THE FAINT, Le Tigre, THE STILLS, THE SUBWAYS, TURBO, BABYSHAMBLES, DIRTY PRETTY THINGS, THE KILLERS, INDIGO RADIO, WEEZER, KINKY, ARCTIC MONKEYS, LOS DYNAMITE, RAZORLIGHT, THE KOOKS, THE HORRORS, ALBERT HAMMOND JR, TRAVIS, BLACK SABBATH
THE VINES, THE STROKES, ADAM GREEN, THE BEATLES, GREEN DAY, SUPERGRASS, JUMBO, NIRVANA, RADIOHEAD, GORILLAZ, WITHE STRIPES, BLUR, BLINK 182, ROLLING STONES, MOLOTOV , CAFETA CUBA, PORTER, YEAH YEAH YEAHS, FRANZ FERDINAND, THE LIBERTINES, JIMMY EAT THE WORLD, INTERPOL, OASIS, QUEEN, ASTERISCO, IRON MAIDEN, THE DISTILLERS, AEROSMITH, METALLICA, MARIA DANIELA Y SU SONIDO LASER, INDEPENDIENTE, CHETES, VAQUERO, BLOODHOUND GANG, BRIGHT EYES, ZOE, QUEEN OF THE STONEAGE, MUSE, FOO FIGHTERS, SUM 41, THE OFFSPRING, THE FAINT, Le Tigre, THE STILLS, THE SUBWAYS, TURBO, BABYSHAMBLES, DIRTY PRETTY THINGS, THE KILLERS, INDIGO RADIO, WEEZER, KINKY, ARCTIC MONKEYS, LOS DYNAMITE, RAZORLIGHT, THE KOOKS, THE HORRORS, ALBERT HAMMOND JR, TRAVIS, BLACK SABBATH
Finish the sentences. Some may be uncomfortable, but you'll manage. Repost it as "Finish the sentences" when you're done!
1. I've come to realize that my last kiss..
2. I am listening to..
3. I talk...
4. I love. . .
5. My best friend{s}. . .
6. My first real kiss. . .
9. Love. . .
10. Marriage is. . . .
11. Somewhere, someone is thinking. . .
12. I'll always. .
13. I have a secret crush on. . .
14. The last time I cried was because. . .
15. My cell phone is. . .
16. When I wake up in the morning. . . .
17. Before I go to bed. . .
18. Right now I am thinking about. . .
19. Babies are. . .
20. I get on Myspace. . .
21. Today I. . . .
22. Tonight I will. . .
23. Tomorrow I will be. . . .
24. I really want to be. . .
25. Someone that will most likely repost this is. . .
1. I've come to realize that my last kiss..
2. I am listening to..
3. I talk...
4. I love. . .
5. My best friend{s}. . .
6. My first real kiss. . .
9. Love. . .
10. Marriage is. . . .
11. Somewhere, someone is thinking. . .
12. I'll always. .
13. I have a secret crush on. . .
14. The last time I cried was because. . .
15. My cell phone is. . .
16. When I wake up in the morning. . . .
17. Before I go to bed. . .
18. Right now I am thinking about. . .
19. Babies are. . .
20. I get on Myspace. . .
21. Today I. . . .
22. Tonight I will. . .
23. Tomorrow I will be. . . .
24. I really want to be. . .
25. Someone that will most likely repost this is. . .
Ja, maar Anne is een beetje gestoord.
f1f1f1
HeY
"It turned out that the cops had been chasing a suspect in a pickup truck in a high speed chase a la OJ SIMPSON since the Texas state border. It seemed that the pickup was going to get away until he came into contact with you know who (us). "It appeared that since our trailer has such a wide load - though sadly no such bumper sticker yet - we proved an obstacle past which no mere pickup truck could speed ahead! But those crazy criminals will do anything to get a laugh, won't they? "Those knuckleheads smashed into our trailer and spun out of control, crashing into the side ramp, and awaited their vacation in the Texas State Penitentiary. Book 'em, boys!"
albert hammond jr
"It turned out that the cops had been chasing a suspect in a pickup truck in a high speed chase a la OJ SIMPSON since the Texas state border. It seemed that the pickup was going to get away until he came into contact with you know who (us). "It appeared that since our trailer has such a wide load - though sadly no such bumper sticker yet - we proved an obstacle past which no mere pickup truck could speed ahead! But those crazy criminals will do anything to get a laugh, won't they? "Those knuckleheads smashed into our trailer and spun out of control, crashing into the side ramp, and awaited their vacation in the Texas State Penitentiary. Book 'em, boys!"
albert hammond jr
Cristiano Ronaldo has pledged his future to Manchester United by signing a new five-year contract.
The Portuguese winger's form has been nothing short of sensational this season and he has been instrumental in keeping United in the hunt for honours both domestically and in Europe.
His form has impressed clubs on the continent, with Real Madrid and Barcelona charmed by his efforts for The Red Devils.
United were aware of the speculation, but were always confident Ronaldo would commit his future to Old Trafford.
The speedy winger signed on the dotted line on Friday and it is a remarkable turnaround after he became public enemy number one for many English fans following his antics at last summer's World Cup finals.
He brushed off the controversy following Wayne Rooney's dismissal during the game between England and Portugal to shine for United and manager Sir Alex Ferguson has expressed delight at the 22-year-old's decision to ink a five-year commitment.
"It is fantastic news," the Scot told the club's website. "It emphasises the point that Cristiano is happy here and that he is at the right club.
"He has a great relationship with the team, staff and the fans and he will go on to be one of Manchester United's great players."
Ronaldo added: "I am delighted. I spoke with Sir Alex and David Gill about my future and everyone knew that I wanted to stay.
"I am very happy at the club and I want to win trophies and hopefully we will do that this season."
The Portuguese winger's form has been nothing short of sensational this season and he has been instrumental in keeping United in the hunt for honours both domestically and in Europe.
His form has impressed clubs on the continent, with Real Madrid and Barcelona charmed by his efforts for The Red Devils.
United were aware of the speculation, but were always confident Ronaldo would commit his future to Old Trafford.
The speedy winger signed on the dotted line on Friday and it is a remarkable turnaround after he became public enemy number one for many English fans following his antics at last summer's World Cup finals.
He brushed off the controversy following Wayne Rooney's dismissal during the game between England and Portugal to shine for United and manager Sir Alex Ferguson has expressed delight at the 22-year-old's decision to ink a five-year commitment.
"It is fantastic news," the Scot told the club's website. "It emphasises the point that Cristiano is happy here and that he is at the right club.
"He has a great relationship with the team, staff and the fans and he will go on to be one of Manchester United's great players."
Ronaldo added: "I am delighted. I spoke with Sir Alex and David Gill about my future and everyone knew that I wanted to stay.
"I am very happy at the club and I want to win trophies and hopefully we will do that this season."
Proof!! 
QUOTE
You belong with a bassist.
Whenever you see a band live, you probably feel a powerful connection with that one musician who's over to the side of the stage, not saying much. You'd never want the high-profile hassle of dating a singer or lead guitarist, so you'll be much happier with a calm, down-to-earth bassist. The stereotypical bassist is less attention crazed than his/her bandmates, but he/she still knows how to rock out. Bassists like their music loud, but on a personal level, they tend to be kind of quiet and mellow. Bass players are proof that dating a rock star doesn’t have to be about crowded after-parties… it can be about chilling out and listening to music together with headphones built for two.
Whenever you see a band live, you probably feel a powerful connection with that one musician who's over to the side of the stage, not saying much. You'd never want the high-profile hassle of dating a singer or lead guitarist, so you'll be much happier with a calm, down-to-earth bassist. The stereotypical bassist is less attention crazed than his/her bandmates, but he/she still knows how to rock out. Bassists like their music loud, but on a personal level, they tend to be kind of quiet and mellow. Bass players are proof that dating a rock star doesn’t have to be about crowded after-parties… it can be about chilling out and listening to music together with headphones built for two.
Which Band Member Should You Date?
actually i got the guitarist one too...
social status and the pursuit of material goods and pleasures
Your Life is 78% Off Track
If you're honest with yourself, you have to admit that you often feel like you're living the wrong life.
It's a pretty easy conclusion to come to - because it seems like not a lot is going right.
Consider finding a life coach or mentor. You need some encouragement in turning your life around.
Are You Living The Wrong Life?
http://www.blogthings.com/areyoulivingthewronglifequiz/
Ehm..yeah.
If you're honest with yourself, you have to admit that you often feel like you're living the wrong life.
It's a pretty easy conclusion to come to - because it seems like not a lot is going right.
Consider finding a life coach or mentor. You need some encouragement in turning your life around.
Are You Living The Wrong Life?
http://www.blogthings.com/areyoulivingthewronglifequiz/
Ehm..yeah.
Fo-Fi
Sex at noon taxes
I wonder whether Lord Byron had unwanted body hair, and if so, what he did about it.
but then I just smile I go ahead and smile
Look at the red red changes in the sky
Look at the separation in the border line
But don't look at everything here inside
And be afraid, afraid to speak your mind
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
What's with the fascination with the Echelon
What's with the constant questions that you have this time
What's with this circumstancial consequence
Find oversight before this night will ever rise again
It's all you've got inside your head, better get up and leave instead
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
To find ourselves lost here within we need reasons why
So we take this bridge with the other's that will thrive in the great divide
Look at the red red changes in the sky
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
Look at the separation in the border line
But don't look at everything here inside
And be afraid, afraid to speak your mind
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
What's with the fascination with the Echelon
What's with the constant questions that you have this time
What's with this circumstancial consequence
Find oversight before this night will ever rise again
It's all you've got inside your head, better get up and leave instead
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
To find ourselves lost here within we need reasons why
So we take this bridge with the other's that will thrive in the great divide
Look at the red red changes in the sky
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment before I lost myself in here
It took a moment and I could not be found?
Again and again and again and again I see your face in everything
It took a moment the moment it could not be found?
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New Myspace layout. Yep.
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New Myspace layout. Yep.
My friend Jo sent me this:
^^ Ah, I love that.
QUOTE(Jessica @ May 26 2007, 05:43 PM)
^^ Ah, I love that.
Aww, thanks.
http://community.livejournal.com/perfect_teacup/591833.html
^^heh, the link I gave you.
Isn't the average score around 1200 or something?
The Green Revolution is a term used to describe the transformation of agriculture in many developing nations that led to significant increases in agricultural production between the 1940s and 1960s. This transformation occurred as the result of programs of agricultural research, extension, and infrastructural development, instigated and largely funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Ford Foundation and other major agencies.
The term “Green Revolution” was first used in 1968 by former USAID director William Gaud, who noted the spread of the new technologies and said, "These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution. It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets, nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran. I call it the Green Revolution."[1]
The Green Revolution has had major social and ecological impacts, which have drawn intense praise and equally intense criticism. It was also a bit successful, but perhaps not as successful at it was planned at the beginning.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Green Revolution in Mexico
* 2 International spread of the Green Revolution
* 3 Agricultural production and food security
o 3.1 Technologies
o 3.2 Production increases
o 3.3 Effects on food security
* 4 Social changes
o 4.1 Political impacts
o 4.2 Socioeconomic impacts
o 4.3 Globalization
* 5 Ecological change
o 5.1 Pesticides
o 5.2 Water issues
o 5.3 Biodiversity
* 6 Legacy of the Green Revolution
* 7 Bibliography
* 8 Notes
[edit] Green Revolution in Mexico
The Green Revolution began in 1943 with the establishment of the Office of Special Studies, which was a venture that was a collaboration between the Rockefeller Foundation and the presidential administration of Manuel Avila Camacho in Mexico. While Camacho's predecessor Cárdenas promoted peasant subsistence agriculture through policies of land reform, Avila Camacho's primary goal for Mexican agriculture was to aid in the nation's industrial development and economic growth.[2] US Vice President Henry Wallace, who was instrumental in convincing the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development, saw Camacho’s ambitions as beneficial to U.S. economic and military interests.[3]
J. George Harrar, who would later become president of the Rockefeller Foundation, headed the Office of Special Studies. Its lead scientists included Norman Borlaug, Edwin Wellhausen, and William Colwell. Researchers from both the United States and Mexico were involved in this program. The main initiative of the Office was the development of high-yielding maize and wheat varieties. Borlaug received the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on wheat breeding.
The Mexican national government invested heavily in rural infrastructure development, and the adoption of new seed varieties became widespread. Mexico became self-sufficient in wheat production by 1951 and began to export wheat thereafter.
[edit] International spread of the Green Revolution
With the experience of agricultural development judged as a success by many of the powerholders involved, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to spread the Green Revolution to other nations. The Office of Special Studies in Mexico became an informal international research institution in 1959, and in 1963 it formally became CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).
The second nation to which the Green Revolution spread was India. The Ford Foundation had a presence in the nation, and their social scientists had decided that the technological development of agriculture was important to the future of India . At the same time Chidambaram Subramaniam, the former Indian Minister of Steel and Mines, became Minister of Food and Agriculture. The Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import a huge amount of wheat seed from CIMMYT. India then began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals. By the late 1970s, the Green Revolution raised rice yields in India by 30 percent and bought India the vital time to curb its population growth without suffering a recurrence of the devastating famines of the 1940s. [4]
The Rockefeller and Ford Foundation jointly established IRRI (The International Rice Research Institute) in the Philippines in 1960. HYVs (high yielding varieties) spread throughout that country, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other non-Soviet bloc countries throughout Latin American, Asia, and North Africa. USAID became involved in subsidizing rural infrastructure development and fertilizer shipments.
[edit] Agricultural production and food security
[edit] Technologies
The projects within the Green Revolution spread technologies that had already existed, but had not been widely used outside of industrialized nations. These technologies included pesticides, irrigation projects, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.
The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of what some referred to as “miracle seeds.” [4] Scientists created strains of maize, wheat, and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or “high yielding varieties.” HYVs have an increased nitrogen-absorbing potential compared to other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. Norin 10 wheat, a variety developed by Orville Vogel from Japanese dwarf wheat varieties, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee Geo Woo Gen.”[5]
With the availability of molecular genetics in Arabidopsis and rice the mutant genes responsible (reduced height(rht), gibberellin insensitive (gai1) and slender rice (slr1)) have been cloned and identified as cellular signaling components of gibberellic acid, a phytohormone involved in regulating stem growth via its effect on cell division. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.
HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. One criticism of HYVs is that they were developed as F1 hybrids, meaning they need to be purchased by a farmer every season rather than saved from previous seasons, thus increasing a farmer’s cost of production.
[edit] Production increases
World production of coarse grain, 1961-2004, compared with area harvested over the same period.
World production of coarse grain, 1961-2004, compared with area harvested over the same period.
Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961 – 1985.[6] Yields of rice, maize, and wheat increased steadily during that period.[7] The production increases can be attributed roughly equally to irrigation, fertilizer, and seed development, at least in the case of Asian rice.[8]
Some, however, have challenged the purported production increases of Green Revolution agriculture. Miguel A. Altieri, for example, writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution has been unfair, because Green Revolution agriculture produces monocultures of cereal grains, while traditional agriculture usually incorporates polycultures.[9] Additionally, some traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced by the Green Revolution such as the chinampas in Mexico or raised-field rice farming in Asia are known to be very highly-productive.[10]
[edit] Effects on food security
The effects of the Green Revolution on global food security are difficult to understand because of the complexities involved in food systems.
The major purported achievement of the Green Revolution has been that the production increases have helped to avoid widespread famine. It is also often claimed that Green Revolution agriculture is responsible for feeding billions of people.[11] These assertions generally assume some variation of the Malthusian principle of population. Malthusianism has been evident throughout the history of the Green Revolution. The team sent to survey Mexican agriculture in 1941 for the Rockefeller Foundation cited the high birth rate and relative inadequacy of its agriculture as a cause for concern.[12] In 1959, the Ford Foundation carried out a study in India that stated the nation’s population would outstrip its food supply by 1966, although validity of its methodology was a subject of criticism.[13] At Borlaug’s Nobel acceptance speech he stated, “...we are dealing with two opposing forces, the scientific power of food production and the biologic power of human reproduction.”[14]
The world population has grown by about four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and most believe that, without the Revolution, there would be yet greater famine and malnutrition than the UN presently attributes to the planet Earth (approximately 850 million people suffering from chronic malnutrition in 2005). The average person in the developing world consumes about 25% more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution.[15]
Increasing food production however is not synonymous with increasing food security, and is only part of a larger equation. For example, Amartya Sen’s work has found that large historic famines have not been caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action. [16] There are several claims about how the Green Revolution may have decreased food security for some people. One such claim involves the shift of subsistence-oriented cropland to cropland oriented towards production of grain for export and/or animal feed. For example, the Green Revolution replaced much of the land used for pulses that fed Indian peasants for wheat, which did not make up a large portion of the peasant diet.[17] Also, the pesticides involved in rice production eliminated fish and weedy green vegetables from the diets of Asian rice farmers.[18]
[edit] Social changes
[edit] Political impacts
A major critic of the Green Revolution, the US investigative journalist Mark Dowie, writes that the primary objective of the program was a Cold War geopoltical one: providing food for the populace in underdeveloped countries which thus brought social stability and weakened the fomenting of communist insurgency. Citing internal Foundation documents, he states that the Ford Foundation had a greater concern than Rockefeller in this area.[19]
It is also maintained elsewhere that there is a significant amount of evidence suggesting the Green Revolution had the effect of weakening socialist movements in many nations. In countries like India, Mexico, and the Philippines, technological solutions were sought as an alternative to expanding agrarian reform initiatives, the latter of which were often linked to socialist politics.[20]
[edit] Socioeconomic impacts
The transition from traditional agriculture in which inputs were generated on-farm to Green Revolution agriculture, which required the purchase of inputs, lead to the widespread establishment of rural credit institutions. Smaller farmers often went into debt, which in many cases result in a loss of rights to their farmland.[21] The increased level of mechanization on larger farms made possible by the Green Revolution removed an important source of employment from the rural economy.[22] Because wealthier farmers had better access to credit and land, the Green Revolution increased class disparities. Because some regions were able to adopt Green Revolution agriculture more readily than others (for political or geographical reasons), interregional economic disparities increased as well.
The new economic difficulties of small holder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural-urban migration. The increase in food production led to a decrease in food prices for urban dwellers, and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization. However, industry was unable to absorb all of the displaced agricultural labor and some cities grew at unsustainable rates.[23]
[edit] Globalization
In the most basic sense, the Green Revolution was a product of globalization as evidenced in the creation of international agricultural research centers that shared information, and with transnational funding from groups like the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and USAID. Additionally, the inputs required in Green Revolution agriculture created new markets for seed and chemical corporations, many of which were based in the United States. For example, Standard Oil of New Jersey established hundreds of distributors in the Philippines to sell agricultural packages composed of HYV seed, fertilizer, and pesticides.[24]
[edit] Ecological change
[edit] Pesticides
Green Revolution agriculture increased the use of pesticides, which were necessary to limit the high levels of pest damage that inevitably occur in monocultures. Organochlorides, a chemical group of pesticides including DDT and dieldrin that spread with the Green Revolution, does not easily break down in the environment and therefore accumulates through the food chain and spread throughout ecosystems. Other problems with pesticides include the poisoning of farm workers, the contamination of water, and the evolution of resistance in pest organism populations.[25]
[edit] Water issues
Irrigation projects have created significant problems of salinization, waterlogging, and lowering of water tables in certain areas.[26]
[edit] Biodiversity
The spread of Green Revolution agriculture affected both agricultural biodiversity and wild biodiversity. There is little argument that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied upon just a few varieties of each crop. This has led to concerns about the susceptibility of a food supply to pathogens that cannot be controlled by agrochemicals, as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into cereal varieties over thousands of years. To address these concerns, massive seed banks such as CGIAR’s International Plant Genetic Resources Institute have been established.
There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture did not need to expand into new, uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population. A counterhypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced have often incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity, and because the Green Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too arid.
Nevertheless, the world community has clearly acknowledged the negative impacts of agricultural expansion as the 1992 Rio Treaty, signed by 189 nations, has generated numerous national Biodiversity Action Plans which assign significant biodiversity loss to agriculture's expansion into new domains (Whether the habitat used was an arid region or an uninhabited bog, biotic impacts can be extensive.)
[edit] Legacy of the Green Revolution
IRRI and CIMMYT became a part of the CGIAR which was established in 1971. Since that time, CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world.
CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the 1980s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations.[27] Methods like Agroecosystem Analysis and Farming System Research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture. Methods like Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal have been adopted to help scientists understand the problems faced by farmers and even give farmers a role in the development process.
The term “Green Revolution” was first used in 1968 by former USAID director William Gaud, who noted the spread of the new technologies and said, "These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution. It is not a violent Red Revolution like that of the Soviets, nor is it a White Revolution like that of the Shah of Iran. I call it the Green Revolution."[1]
The Green Revolution has had major social and ecological impacts, which have drawn intense praise and equally intense criticism. It was also a bit successful, but perhaps not as successful at it was planned at the beginning.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Green Revolution in Mexico
* 2 International spread of the Green Revolution
* 3 Agricultural production and food security
o 3.1 Technologies
o 3.2 Production increases
o 3.3 Effects on food security
* 4 Social changes
o 4.1 Political impacts
o 4.2 Socioeconomic impacts
o 4.3 Globalization
* 5 Ecological change
o 5.1 Pesticides
o 5.2 Water issues
o 5.3 Biodiversity
* 6 Legacy of the Green Revolution
* 7 Bibliography
* 8 Notes
[edit] Green Revolution in Mexico
The Green Revolution began in 1943 with the establishment of the Office of Special Studies, which was a venture that was a collaboration between the Rockefeller Foundation and the presidential administration of Manuel Avila Camacho in Mexico. While Camacho's predecessor Cárdenas promoted peasant subsistence agriculture through policies of land reform, Avila Camacho's primary goal for Mexican agriculture was to aid in the nation's industrial development and economic growth.[2] US Vice President Henry Wallace, who was instrumental in convincing the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development, saw Camacho’s ambitions as beneficial to U.S. economic and military interests.[3]
J. George Harrar, who would later become president of the Rockefeller Foundation, headed the Office of Special Studies. Its lead scientists included Norman Borlaug, Edwin Wellhausen, and William Colwell. Researchers from both the United States and Mexico were involved in this program. The main initiative of the Office was the development of high-yielding maize and wheat varieties. Borlaug received the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on wheat breeding.
The Mexican national government invested heavily in rural infrastructure development, and the adoption of new seed varieties became widespread. Mexico became self-sufficient in wheat production by 1951 and began to export wheat thereafter.
[edit] International spread of the Green Revolution
With the experience of agricultural development judged as a success by many of the powerholders involved, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to spread the Green Revolution to other nations. The Office of Special Studies in Mexico became an informal international research institution in 1959, and in 1963 it formally became CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).
The second nation to which the Green Revolution spread was India. The Ford Foundation had a presence in the nation, and their social scientists had decided that the technological development of agriculture was important to the future of India . At the same time Chidambaram Subramaniam, the former Indian Minister of Steel and Mines, became Minister of Food and Agriculture. The Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import a huge amount of wheat seed from CIMMYT. India then began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals. By the late 1970s, the Green Revolution raised rice yields in India by 30 percent and bought India the vital time to curb its population growth without suffering a recurrence of the devastating famines of the 1940s. [4]
The Rockefeller and Ford Foundation jointly established IRRI (The International Rice Research Institute) in the Philippines in 1960. HYVs (high yielding varieties) spread throughout that country, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and other non-Soviet bloc countries throughout Latin American, Asia, and North Africa. USAID became involved in subsidizing rural infrastructure development and fertilizer shipments.
[edit] Agricultural production and food security
[edit] Technologies
The projects within the Green Revolution spread technologies that had already existed, but had not been widely used outside of industrialized nations. These technologies included pesticides, irrigation projects, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer.
The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of what some referred to as “miracle seeds.” [4] Scientists created strains of maize, wheat, and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or “high yielding varieties.” HYVs have an increased nitrogen-absorbing potential compared to other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. Norin 10 wheat, a variety developed by Orville Vogel from Japanese dwarf wheat varieties, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named “Peta” and a Chinese variety named “Dee Geo Woo Gen.”[5]
With the availability of molecular genetics in Arabidopsis and rice the mutant genes responsible (reduced height(rht), gibberellin insensitive (gai1) and slender rice (slr1)) have been cloned and identified as cellular signaling components of gibberellic acid, a phytohormone involved in regulating stem growth via its effect on cell division. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.
HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. One criticism of HYVs is that they were developed as F1 hybrids, meaning they need to be purchased by a farmer every season rather than saved from previous seasons, thus increasing a farmer’s cost of production.
[edit] Production increases
World production of coarse grain, 1961-2004, compared with area harvested over the same period.
World production of coarse grain, 1961-2004, compared with area harvested over the same period.
Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961 – 1985.[6] Yields of rice, maize, and wheat increased steadily during that period.[7] The production increases can be attributed roughly equally to irrigation, fertilizer, and seed development, at least in the case of Asian rice.[8]
Some, however, have challenged the purported production increases of Green Revolution agriculture. Miguel A. Altieri, for example, writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution has been unfair, because Green Revolution agriculture produces monocultures of cereal grains, while traditional agriculture usually incorporates polycultures.[9] Additionally, some traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced by the Green Revolution such as the chinampas in Mexico or raised-field rice farming in Asia are known to be very highly-productive.[10]
[edit] Effects on food security
The effects of the Green Revolution on global food security are difficult to understand because of the complexities involved in food systems.
The major purported achievement of the Green Revolution has been that the production increases have helped to avoid widespread famine. It is also often claimed that Green Revolution agriculture is responsible for feeding billions of people.[11] These assertions generally assume some variation of the Malthusian principle of population. Malthusianism has been evident throughout the history of the Green Revolution. The team sent to survey Mexican agriculture in 1941 for the Rockefeller Foundation cited the high birth rate and relative inadequacy of its agriculture as a cause for concern.[12] In 1959, the Ford Foundation carried out a study in India that stated the nation’s population would outstrip its food supply by 1966, although validity of its methodology was a subject of criticism.[13] At Borlaug’s Nobel acceptance speech he stated, “...we are dealing with two opposing forces, the scientific power of food production and the biologic power of human reproduction.”[14]
The world population has grown by about four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution and most believe that, without the Revolution, there would be yet greater famine and malnutrition than the UN presently attributes to the planet Earth (approximately 850 million people suffering from chronic malnutrition in 2005). The average person in the developing world consumes about 25% more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution.[15]
Increasing food production however is not synonymous with increasing food security, and is only part of a larger equation. For example, Amartya Sen’s work has found that large historic famines have not been caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action. [16] There are several claims about how the Green Revolution may have decreased food security for some people. One such claim involves the shift of subsistence-oriented cropland to cropland oriented towards production of grain for export and/or animal feed. For example, the Green Revolution replaced much of the land used for pulses that fed Indian peasants for wheat, which did not make up a large portion of the peasant diet.[17] Also, the pesticides involved in rice production eliminated fish and weedy green vegetables from the diets of Asian rice farmers.[18]
[edit] Social changes
[edit] Political impacts
A major critic of the Green Revolution, the US investigative journalist Mark Dowie, writes that the primary objective of the program was a Cold War geopoltical one: providing food for the populace in underdeveloped countries which thus brought social stability and weakened the fomenting of communist insurgency. Citing internal Foundation documents, he states that the Ford Foundation had a greater concern than Rockefeller in this area.[19]
It is also maintained elsewhere that there is a significant amount of evidence suggesting the Green Revolution had the effect of weakening socialist movements in many nations. In countries like India, Mexico, and the Philippines, technological solutions were sought as an alternative to expanding agrarian reform initiatives, the latter of which were often linked to socialist politics.[20]
[edit] Socioeconomic impacts
The transition from traditional agriculture in which inputs were generated on-farm to Green Revolution agriculture, which required the purchase of inputs, lead to the widespread establishment of rural credit institutions. Smaller farmers often went into debt, which in many cases result in a loss of rights to their farmland.[21] The increased level of mechanization on larger farms made possible by the Green Revolution removed an important source of employment from the rural economy.[22] Because wealthier farmers had better access to credit and land, the Green Revolution increased class disparities. Because some regions were able to adopt Green Revolution agriculture more readily than others (for political or geographical reasons), interregional economic disparities increased as well.
The new economic difficulties of small holder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural-urban migration. The increase in food production led to a decrease in food prices for urban dwellers, and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization. However, industry was unable to absorb all of the displaced agricultural labor and some cities grew at unsustainable rates.[23]
[edit] Globalization
In the most basic sense, the Green Revolution was a product of globalization as evidenced in the creation of international agricultural research centers that shared information, and with transnational funding from groups like the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and USAID. Additionally, the inputs required in Green Revolution agriculture created new markets for seed and chemical corporations, many of which were based in the United States. For example, Standard Oil of New Jersey established hundreds of distributors in the Philippines to sell agricultural packages composed of HYV seed, fertilizer, and pesticides.[24]
[edit] Ecological change
[edit] Pesticides
Green Revolution agriculture increased the use of pesticides, which were necessary to limit the high levels of pest damage that inevitably occur in monocultures. Organochlorides, a chemical group of pesticides including DDT and dieldrin that spread with the Green Revolution, does not easily break down in the environment and therefore accumulates through the food chain and spread throughout ecosystems. Other problems with pesticides include the poisoning of farm workers, the contamination of water, and the evolution of resistance in pest organism populations.[25]
[edit] Water issues
Irrigation projects have created significant problems of salinization, waterlogging, and lowering of water tables in certain areas.[26]
[edit] Biodiversity
The spread of Green Revolution agriculture affected both agricultural biodiversity and wild biodiversity. There is little argument that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied upon just a few varieties of each crop. This has led to concerns about the susceptibility of a food supply to pathogens that cannot be controlled by agrochemicals, as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into cereal varieties over thousands of years. To address these concerns, massive seed banks such as CGIAR’s International Plant Genetic Resources Institute have been established.
There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture did not need to expand into new, uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population. A counterhypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced have often incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity, and because the Green Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too arid.
Nevertheless, the world community has clearly acknowledged the negative impacts of agricultural expansion as the 1992 Rio Treaty, signed by 189 nations, has generated numerous national Biodiversity Action Plans which assign significant biodiversity loss to agriculture's expansion into new domains (Whether the habitat used was an arid region or an uninhabited bog, biotic impacts can be extensive.)
[edit] Legacy of the Green Revolution
IRRI and CIMMYT became a part of the CGIAR which was established in 1971. Since that time, CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world.
CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the 1980s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations.[27] Methods like Agroecosystem Analysis and Farming System Research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture. Methods like Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal have been adopted to help scientists understand the problems faced by farmers and even give farmers a role in the development process.
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animal machine-loaded mind
Winning days-angie
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